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Michael Hardt (born 1960) is an American literary theorist and political philosopher. Hardt is best known for his book ''Empire'', which was co-written with Antonio Negri.〔(Michael Hardt ) – Faculty page at European Graduate School Biography, Bibliography and Video Lectures. Retrieved May 14, 2009.〕 It has been praised by some as the "Communist Manifesto of the 21st Century".〔("Have Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri Rewritten the Communist Manifesto For the Twenty-First Century? ). Egs.edu. Retrieved on 2012-04-20.〕 Hardt and Negri suggest that several forces which they see as dominating contemporary life, such as class oppression, globalization and the commodification of services (or production of affects), have the potential to spark social change of unprecedented dimensions. A sequel, ''Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire'' was published in August 2004. It outlines an idea first propounded in ''Empire'', which is that of the multitude as possible locus of a democratic movement of global proportions. The third and final part of the trilogy, ''Commonwealth'', was published in 2009. ==Early life and education== Hardt attended Winston Churchill High School in Potomac, Maryland. He studied engineering at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania from 1978 to 1983. In college during the 1970s energy crisis, he began to take an interest in alternative energy sources.〔 Talking about his college politics, he said, "I thought that doing alternative energy engineering for third world countries would be a way of doing politics that would get out of all this campus political posing that I hated." During college, he worked for various solar energy companies.〔 Hardt also participated, after college, in the Sanctuary Movement〔 and later helped establish a project to bring donated computers from the United States and put them together for the University of El Salvador. Yet, he says that this political activity did more for him than it did for the Salvadorans.〔 In 1983, he moved to Seattle to study comparative literature at the University of Washington.〔 While there, he received an M.A. in 1986 and his PhD in 1990.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Romance/faculty/hardt )〕 From there he went to Paris where he met Negri. Hardt speaks fluent French, Spanish and Italian and is Professor of Literature and Italian at Duke University and a Professor of Philosophy and Politics at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Michael Hardt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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